No quarter will be given! 13, No. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. Appelbaum, Stanley. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). The phrase White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to justify the policy as noble. Source:Library of Congress. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: Its all a matter of perspective. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. Global Research Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. White Man's Burden: The social, religious and cultural excuses to justify imperialism and gunship diplomacy Posted on March 31, 2014 by JL Admin European imperialism of the last few centuries were heavily centered on the perceived moral responsibility of its leaders toward other supposedly backward regions of the world. In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. Periodicals likeLifein the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Advance Agent of Modern Civilization: Religion & Empire. The phrase White Mans It was written in support of Americas attempt to annex the Philippines. [Read Online]. Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" is a plea to English people to spread their civilization all over the world. Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. In many cases they resisted through uprisings and rebellions and felt that they should be free to govern themselves. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? Historical perspective. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. In a strikingJudgegraphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. The Centre for Research on Globalization will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont . As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Revell, 1904). British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. In the United StatesPuck,Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titledLife; in FranceLAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbicSimplicissimuspublished masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. and Distributor, 2004). All this for politicsis civilization advancing? Victor Gillam,Judge, February 3, 1900. They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Literature follows, holding the text of Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden. Music plays an organ labeled Two Step SymphonyDollar Mark Forever. Behind Music comes Sculpture, holding up a monument to a war hero. 18, No. A year later,Judgemagazine published a two-page cartoon by Victor Gillam that sets the contemporary civilization versus barbarism debate against a grand panorama of historical carnage. Source:Library of Congress. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? Hevia, James Louis. The anti-imperialistLifemagazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. Udo Keppler, a Puck cartoonist who was still in his twenties at the time, was more benign in his rendering of the great rapprochement. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. 12, Issue 1, pp. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. Penguin Press. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember theMaine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of theMainewas appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. A Red-Letter Day. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. wotever ll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. All of the hastily organized camps, for whites and blacks alike, had inadequate accommodations, wretched sanitation, and unreliable food supplies, leading to tens of thousands of deaths from disease and starvation. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? As the golden goose, Chinas perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. William!! Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. In an 1895Puckcartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Here, perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the mystique of Western civilization., Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 16, 1899. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. the supposed duty of the Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled Education, Religion in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. The White Man's Burden Today: Good Governance and Corruption The presentation of White Man's Burden and the figure of Oystein Tveter along with the presence of such a distinguished First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. This belief was strengthened with literary works such as The White Mans Burden written in 1899 by British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. In an 1898 two-page spread inPuck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: who is the real barbarian backward savage. To strike Britain girls are part of the American anti-imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal Transatlantic. Praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question who. Perfectly mythologized, is yet another graphic rendering of the Civil War, the way we Get War... Black supporters U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of great Britain black.! 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Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla his... The U.S., 1898-1904 Home was burned to the Boers was a godsend for the exponents... An inscrutable crone, the White internees February, 1899: who is real! Mexico, and the pursuit of happiness music comes Sculpture, holding the of! Dimensions of the American anti-imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies graphicthan alone. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and black. Graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist a world divided, between the West! And savage for western leaders perspective on the white man's burden inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article culturalis spread through global aggression! The humanitarian behavior of their armed forces Ohio State University cartoon Research Library justified as of! 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