Some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to escape via the Underground Railroad, and there were instances in which men, even lawmen, sent to retrieve runaways were attacked and beaten by abolitionist mobs. On April 10, 1861, knowing that resupplies were on their way from the North to the federal garrison at Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, provisional Confederate forces in Charleston demanded the forts surrender. 5052. three main causes. . They were responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre, in which they killed five settlers who were pro-slavery. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, author@Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the Cornerstone Speech. Stephens, the Vice President of the newly formed Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy) delivered the address to a crowd in Savannah, Georgia, at a critical moment: March 1861, just weeks after the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. Confederate forces reduced the fort to a ruin, and U.S. soldiers evacuated. Northern states began to rely more heavily on industry and production rather than agriculture like the country's Southern states. Memorials to Stephens, who had said the Confederacys corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man still stand in public and civic spaces, including one in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., erected in 1927 during the Jim Crow era. Harriet Beecher Stowes anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabins was published in serial form in an anti-slavery newspaper in 1851 and in book format in 1852. Why did the Whig Party refer to Andrew Jackson as King Andrew? Others voted down secessiontemporarily. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. All of the issues of the young nation were dividing the political parties and reshaping the established two-party system of Whigs and Democrats. . They were dislodged by a force of U.S. Marines led by Army lieutenant colonel Robert E. Lee. Selecting a nominee for the Presidency and Vice Presidency. The Southern economy became a one-crop economy, depending on cotton and, therefore, on enslaved people. The politics of the day were as stormy as the anti-slavery campaigns. Nationalism, the love and support of one's country, has always existed. Although many theories have been considered, it is now generally agreed that the main cause of the conflict was the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of Black people. The second essay, Images in a divided world, examines the role images played in the ideological disputes that separated slaverys opponents and its defenders. The South remained a predominantly agrarian economy while the North became more and more industrialized. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. answer choices. They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. When nullification would not work and many of the Southern states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved toward thoughts of secession. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The book succeeded at its goal, which was to start a wave of anti-slavery sentiment across the nation. Slaves could be rented or traded or sold to pay debts. The American Civil War was fought from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865between the Union forces and the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. The famous Dred Scott Decision in 1857 denied his request stating that no person with African blood could become a U.S. citizen. This led to what is known as "Secession Winter," where six more states would follow in South Carolina's footsteps, soon creating "The, reasonings for secession to be similar to the. War had begun. Learn more about Alexander H. Stephens Cornerstone Speech. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the enslavement of people not only remained legal in all 13 British American colonies, but it also continued to play a significant role in their economies and societies. At the same time, the conflicts surrounding Kansas and the Compromise of 1850 transformed the Whig party into the Republican party (established in 1854). Many of its followers joined with members of the American Party (Know-Nothings) and others who opposed slavery to form a new political entity in the 1850s, the Republican Party. The civil war was known as one of the bloodiest and deadliest conflicts the United States had ever seen. States' Rights vs. the Federal Government also created a deep divide between the North and the South, some believed that the state should hold power over Federal Law, but many others disagreed. The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians, called "Border Ruffians," began to pour into the state in an attempt to force it toward slavery. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. How many died in the Civil War? In the North, the influx of immigrantsmany from countries that had long since abolished slaverycontributed to a society in which people of different cultures and classes lived and worked together. Yet, Brown's best-known fight would be his last when the group attacked Harper's Ferry in 1859, a crime for which he would hang. (Hint: GOP). South Carolina was the first to officially declare its secession from the Union in December of 1860 with their "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/top-causes-of-the-civil-war-104532. What was Andrew Jacksons Trail of Tears? Harriet Beecher Stowewrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a popular novel that opened many eyes to the reality of enslavement. This attack was in turn motivated by the election in 1860 of President Abraham. These contrasting views of power created many issues concerning documents such as the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (which tragically led to a period known as "Bleeding Kansas"). Arts and Humanities History History of the Americas Long Term and Immediate Causes of the Civil War Term 1 / 18 State's Rights Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 18 These rights are provided in the 10th Amendment, which states that all federal powers not elucidated in the Constitution immediately belong to the states. The Republican Party was created by former members of the _____. The wardivided the country between the North and South. But the sculpture of Stephens may not remain in the U.S. Capitol for much longer. B) Abraham Lincoln was elected president. 1860 presidential candidate John C. Breckinridge. Abolitionists fought to have slavery declared illegal in those territories, as the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had done in the territory that became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Long Essay on Causes of the Civil War Essay is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10. Megan Kate Nelson, Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012). In the South, Republicans were seen as little more than divisive. Below is an explanation of each cause and how it impacted the outcome of war. One abolitionist in particular became famousor infamous, depending on the point of viewfor battles that caused the deaths of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas. Though the long-term causes did have a profound contribution to the outbreak of the English Civil War, it was ultimately the events which immediately preceded it which were most instrumental in its outbreak. What was the Republican Convention of 1860 for? Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. In June 2021, the House of Representatives voted to remove statues that honor Confederate leaders. With the Union rapidly falling apart, Abraham Lincoln knew he must act, and with the refusal of a peaceful entrance back into the Union, there was not much left to do but fight. Ultimately, he left Kansas to carry his fight closer to the bosom of slavery. "Economic Causes of the Civil War" Get custom essay In this context, one of the major causes of the American Civil War was the apparent differences held between the Northern and Southern regions. Was Abraham Lincoln elected for a second term in 1864? Causes of the Civil War Although some historians feel that the Civil War was a result of political blunders and that the issue of slavery did not cause the conflict, they ignore the two main causes. Immediate causes: Since the end of the second world war, Nationalism started significantly rising in Algeria. Causes of the Civil War | Teaching American History Documents > Collections > Collection Causes of the Civil War Selected and introduced by Jason W. Stevens Core Document Volume Causes of the Civil War $12.99 Buy Softcover All Documents in this Volume Filter by Thread Congress Constitution Domestic Policy Elections Federal Government Personal . He was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. They became more and more rebelious. They had more in common with the Whigs than the Jacksonian Democrats. Slavery was no longer necessary in the North but was critical to the South's economy. What was the immediate cause of the Civil War? The immediate cause of the Mexican-American War was a disputed boundary between the United States and Texas on the Nueces Strip. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to expand its influence. ThoughtCo, Jul. Opposition to Reconstruction: The Rise of the KKK and Other Hate Groups, The National Association of Colored Women, Black Representation in Government: Jesse Jackson, Shirley Chisolm, and more, Police Racism, Violence, and Black Lives Matter, Statistical View of the United States, Compendium of the Seventh Census, Statistical view of the United States in 1850, Population of the United States 1860: Compiled from the Original Returns of the 8th Census. Causes of the Civil War - learn & understand it online History US History Causes of the Civil War Causes of the Civil War Birth of a Nation Civil Rights Activists Civil Rights Acts of 1866 Civil Rights Legislations Civil Rights Organizations Civil Rights Protests Civil War Battles Civil War Democracy Civil War Military Strategies of North and South Civil War. ThoughtCo. Lincolns opinion that the United States wasnt strong enough to withstand disagreements between the North and South. For more than 80 years, people in the Northern and Southern states had been debating the issues that ultimately led to war: economic policies and practices, cultural values, the extent and reach of the Federal government, and, most importantly, the role of slavery within American society. At the same time, the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton created an even greater need for enslaved people. Many Northern industries were purchasing the South's raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. Visual arguments for and against slavery proliferated in 19th-century America, as defenders and opponents of human bondage sought to sway the opinions of the broader public. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. The Whig Party was formed in opposition of ____? The immediate cause of Southern secession, therefore, was a fear that Lincoln and the Republican Congress would have abolished the institution of slaverywhich would have ruined fortunes, wrecked the Southern economy and left the South to contend with millions of freed blacks. The immediate effects of the Union winning the US Civil War was an. It was rumored that Abraham Lincoln won the 3rd ballot due to _______. The election of. Though it was often supported throughout the social and economic classes, not every White Southerner enslaved people. The Civil War erupted from a variety of long-standing tensions and disagreements about American life and politics. Southern reaction initially was that his acts were those of a mad fanatic, of little consequence. What do works of art reveal about the deep divisions that led to the Civil War? [8] Eleanor Harvey, The Civil War and American Art (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. [1] Speech of Hon. This eventually led to the Battle at Fort Sumter - the beginning of the Civil War. 5052. It lasted four years, from April 12, 1861, through May 9, 1865. What were the 3 main causes of the Civil War? Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee, refusing to fight against other Southern states and feeling that Lincoln had exceeded his presidential authority, reversed themselves and voted in favor of session. It was designed to protect both Northern and Southern interests. All of this led to disagreements on issues such as taxes, tariffs and internal improvements as well as states rights versus federal rights. contain. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Many felt that the new Constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. This led to what is known as "Secession Winter," where six more states would follow in South Carolina's footsteps, soon creating "The Confederate States of America.". of the users don't pass the Causes of the Civil War quiz! the existence of opposing alliances. The expansion of slavery, and its entrance into the political scene. A group that included Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan advocated for emancipating enslaved people slowly. Images in a divided world. (The western section of Virginia rejected the session vote and broke away, ultimately forming a new, Union-loyal state, West Virginia. In the decades that followed Reconstruction and into the 20th century, memorials were erected to Confederate leaders, many of which still stand despite recent calls for their removal. Following the Republican Convention and the problematic Democratic Convention of 1860, Abraham Lincoln claimed the Presidency in November of that year. . What caused the final split in the Whig Party? He is the author of "The Everything American Presidents Book" and "Colonial Life: Government. De Bow, J.D.B. With the long-standing values of White Supremacy and the healthy land available for agricultural production, the need for slavery in the South only grew. Why did Stephen A. Douglas view Abraham Lincoln as radical? Winston Groom 7/7/2010 True Causes of the Civil War., viewed 1 . However, when problems arose, the weaknesses of the Articles caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the U.S. Constitution. During the Mexican War, the debate began about what would happen with the new territories the U.S. expected to gain upon victory. Georgia was one of seven southern states that had recently seceded (separated) from the United States with the intent of forming a new nation. In what state did the debates take place? Besides denying citizenship for African-Americans, it also overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had restricted slavery in certain U.S. territories. the spread of communism throughout Europe. The "Potato Famine" in Ireland sent a wave of laborers to America searching for a better life, mainly settling in the North. Perhaps learning from that experience the danger of going it alone, in 1860 and early 1861 South Carolina sent emissaries to other slave holding states urging their legislatures to follow its lead, nullify their contract with the United States and form a new Southern Confederacy. The essays in this section follow the thread of slavery in art as it was sewn through ideas about freedom, westward expansion, and the political landscape, from the founding of the nation to the start of the Civil War. Even when the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789, very few Black people and no enslaved people were allowed to vote or own property. Ultimately won by the Union forces, it remains the deadliest battle for the country with estimated deaths between 600,000 and 800,000.The Civil War is one of the most important events in the history of . In the North, this new party was seen as both anti-slavery and for the advancement of the American economy. Any territory _____ of the 3630 line was not allowed to be a slave state. Immediate Causes of the Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet Arts and Humanities History History of the Americas Immediate Causes of the Civil War 5.0 (2 reviews) Term 1 / 6 Political Parties Splinter Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 6 The issue of slavery split the Democratic Party in two in 1860. For example, enslaved people rarely had an opportunity to create images; what they did create (such as textiles, baskets, carvings, dolls, and pottery) was less likely to be preserved than the works of free artists. [4] In his first inaugural address, Lincoln said I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. Despite his efforts, the idea was continuously denied by the government. The collections of museums and archives, as well as public monuments, show us how artists captured the many issues that divided the nation in the years leading up to the Civil War, from the abolitionist movement to westward expansion, in photography, painting, sculpture, and popular prints. By end of the war, the United States had defeated the Confederacy, more than 750,000 Americans had died, and slavery had been banned everywhere in the United States through a Constitutional amendment. Because the war resulted from the secession of seven Southern states and their formation of the Confederate States of America after Abraham Lincoln's election as president on November 6, 1860, and his inauguration on March 4, 1861, whatever caused those states to secede is the primary cause of the Civil . Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Conflict over slavery between the North and South is a long term cause of the Civil War because it spanned over a very long time. [9]. Despite multiple attempts to create agreements and understanding between the North and South over almost 100 years, the United States could no longer withstand their deeply divided differences. Turmoil in Richmond: Joe Johnston, Jefferson Davis Command Alliance Was Doomed From the Start. Ownership of more than a handful of slaves bestowed respect and contributed to social position, and slaves, as the property of individuals and businesses, represented the largest portion of the regions personal and corporate wealth, as cotton and land prices declined and the price of slaves soared. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. What visual and material evidence did they leave behind that helps us to learn about their lives? However, proponents such as John C. Calhounwho resigned as vice president to represent South Carolina in the Senatefought vehemently for nullification. Why did Southern states threaten to secede? [4], If we consider these two images of the inaugurationone a photograph and the other a color lithographwe see people of all ages including some Black figures gathered around the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. They would help protect and fund American industry. A nude in Victorian America: Hiram S. Powers, Seneca Village, the lost history of African Americans in New York. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. Abolitionists used images to make the horrors of slavery vivid for white audiences, while slaverys apologists used them to paint fictitious images of happy slaves and cheerful plantation life. The First World War was the product of many, many things. In the Southern states, longer growing seasons and fertile soils had established an economy based on agriculture fueled by sprawling plantations owned by White people that depended on enslaved people to perform a wide range of duties. In the Civil War era, this struggle focused heavily on the institution of slavery and whether the federal government had the right to regulate or even abolish slavery within an individual state. As impoverished refugees from the potato famine of the 1840s and 1850s, many of these new immigrants could be hired as factory workers at low wages, thus reducing the need for enslaved people in the North. . View Homework Help - causes_of_the_civil_war_webquest_worksheet from PERSONAL FINANCE 125 at Bunn High. Definition and Examples, 10 Interesting Facts About James Buchanan, Biography of Angelina Grimk, American Abolitionist, Order of Secession During the American Civil War. This decision by the U.S. Supreme Court is viewed by Constitutional Scholars today as one of the worst rulings in U.S. History. Main Causes of the American Civil War. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Imagining the West, territorial expansion, and the politics of slavery, John C. Calhoun, Slavery as a Positive Good, 1837. Davis and Stephens stand in the center of the podium facing the crowd. A.H. Stephens, Southern Confederacy (March 25, 1861). Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America. Extraordinary exceptions however do exist. Historians widely agree: slavery was the most important cause of the war. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. One of these immediate causes was the monarch, Charles I, who was very unpopular in every sense of the word, for a variety of reasons. The idea that territories have the right to declare themselves as either free or slave states upon entry into the Union. . We also see more clearly the faces of the figures and their interactions than we do in the early photograph. Between Election Day and Lincoln's inauguration in March,seven states seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This page titled 13.4.4.2: The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. Six more states heeded the siren call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This caused it to become known as "Bleeding Kansas." Called to remark on the Confederacys new constitution, Stephens bluntly outlined the reasons that southern states had seceded and what they hoped to achieve as an independent nation: the preservation of slavery and perpetuation of white supremacy. Face to face with the Missouri Voters: George Caleb Bingham. President James Buchanan's administration did little to quell the tension or stop what would become known as "Secession Winter." Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union. English Civil Wars, also called Great Rebellion, (1642-51), fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I (and his son and successor, Charles II) and opposing groups in each of Charles's kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland. The Whig Party was diverse, but united in its support of ____? When was the Republican Partys candidate first elected as president? When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. Pro- and anti-slavery groups rushed to populate the new territories. Some people argued for greater rights for the states and others argued that the federal government needed to have more control. Depicting the evils of slavery, it offered a vision of slavery that few in the nation had seen before. [7] Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 25, 2017. The 3630 line is also known as the _______ line. The South, however, continued to hold onto a social order based on white supremacy in both private and political life, not unlike that under the rule of racial apartheid that persisted in South Africa for decades. , depicts a meteor streaking through the night sky and its reflection in water below. What was the immediate cause of the Nigerian Civil War? The Western states of the US were deciding whether to be a free state or a slave state. This threatened to disrupt the balance of slave states and free states. The presidential election of 1860 would be the deciding point for the Union. Still others, including Abraham Lincoln, simply hoped to keep slavery from expanding. We must also consider what the visual record does not contain. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. As America began to expandfirst with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican Warthe question arose of whether new states would be pro-slavery states or free states. Slavery was a cause of the Civil War due to the modernization of the North and their heavy focus on industry. Within two years it was a nationwide and worldwide bestseller. As the other answer notes, the immediate cause of the Civil War was the South's 1861 attack on Fort Sumter. What was the cause of Civil War to start? Abolitionism was an ideology that intended to see the end of slavery in the United States. 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Should still have the right to declare themselves as either free or states! Despite his efforts, the House of Representatives voted to remove statues that honor Confederate leaders offered vision!

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