This article examines the murder of two British Army corporals by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in March 1988. This is a work which will be of, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The report claimed to contain new evidence about the killing, , Remembering all innocent victims of the Troubles, Today is the anniversary ofthe death of the following people killed as a results of the conflict in Northern Ireland, To live in hearts we leave behind is not to die, To the innocent on the list Your memory will live forever. All murders are brutal, but the murders of Corporal Howes and Corporal Wood were particularly savage and vicious . On 6 March 1988, three unarmed IRA members preparing for a bomb attack on the band of theRoyal Anglian Regimentwere killed by members of theSpecial Air Service(SAS) inGibraltarduringOperation Flavius. . fifty skinheads appeared from nowhere, many of them wearing Chelsea and Rangers football scarves and covered in Loyalist and swastika tattoos. The Mac Brdaigh funeral was making its way "It was a monumental screw-up, yes. They were jailed for life in 1989, with a recommendation of a minimum 25 years. This is especially true in relation to the research concerning Homegrown Violent Extremists, This article argues that state violence in Northern Ireland during the period 19701976when violence during the Troubles was at its height and before the re-introduction of the policy of police, In the 1990s, vivid accounts of atrocities committed by Sierra Leone's drug-fuelled child soldiers contributed to the portrayal of so-called resource wars as some violent descent into a primordial, Through examination of statements made by Irish republicans involved in the Northern Ireland conflict and of the social identities of victims of republican violence, White has argued that the Irish, ABSTRACT This article concerns the nature of political violence in an ethnonationally divided society. Drugs, Politics, and Propaganda in Northern Ireland Contemporary Issues concerning Illicit Drug Use in the British Isles, A DIRTY WAR? . But think for a second what might have happened if there'd been a sudden influx of soldiers or police, with armed PIRA members in the crowd. In 1973, at the age of 15, Murphy had been the youngest republican internee in Long Kesh prison, which later became known as theMaze. The crowd then surged back, with some of them attacking the car with a wheel-brace and a stepladder snatched from a photographer. While his restraint was admirable, it ultimately proved to be fatal. The BBC and The Independent wrote that the men were "tortured". This paper will show that McDonagh based Lieutenant Padraic on Dominic Mad Dog McGlinchey, a leader of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), but that some of McDonaghs information was derived from a highly inaccurate image of McGlinchey provided by sensationalist British and Irish newspaper reports at the time of the prolific murderers heyday. What happened in the Ukraine helicopter crash? As the crowd surrounded the vehicle, Wood drew his pistol and for a few moments the crowd pulled back a little. The views and opinions expressed in this post / documentary are soley intended to educate and provide background information to those interested in the Troubles of Northern Ireland. [18][19] According to photographer David Cairns, although photographers were having their films taken by the IRA, he was able to keep his by quickly leaving the area after taking a photograph of Reid kneeling beside the almost naked body of Howes, administering the last rites. "[5] Conservative MP Michael Mates nonetheless defended the "hands off" policy, saying "A return to heavy-handed policing could provoke riots, which is what the IRA want so they can say to the world 'They won't even let us bury our dead in peace. From the moment of their arrival on the scene of the funeral, Wood and Howes were dead in just over 12 minutes. This article is less concerned with the actions of these non-state actors than with the political and moral foundations of the peace consultancy industry, which has grown up around the design, implementation, and ongoing evaluation of these projects. VideoChess gets a risqu makeover, The Nigerian influencers paid to manipulate your vote, How a baffling census delay is hurting Indians, How Mafia boss was caught at a clinic after 30 years. The central theoretical contention of the article is that most human beings are not particularly good at violence, and for the most part, irrespective of motive, can only participate in such actions when they have what is defined as attacker advantage. The British Army in Northern Ireland, 1970-1976, The Origin & Resolution of the Conflict in Northern Ireland, Does Ulster Still Say No? The attendance at the funeral included large numbers of IRA members who acted as stewards. We argue that by importing tautologicaland sometimes cynicalunderstandings of the term peace, these consultants risk complicity in reproducing the terroristic narratives that inspired and perpetuated the conflict in the first instance. Maguire became a member of the IRA's "camp staff" in the Maze, one of the senior IRA men effectively in control of the republican wings, and met Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam when she visited the jail to negotiate with prisoners. [15] An unnamed soldier of the Royal Scots said his eight-man patrol was nearby and saw the attack on the corporals' car, but were told not to intervene. He was escorted away though he remained close by. Virtue-signalling Hollywood celebs should be careful what they wish for, We must not lose perspective over Paschal Donohoes minor error, We should drop the phrase toxic masculinity and find positive ways to let boys be boys, Brexit is doomed, says Boris Johnsons favourite newspaper, Businessman is tied up in bathroom by armed burglary gang who ransacked his home, Johnny has widened the gap by the way hes playing and in the way hes leading, which is always a worry, Six Nations will pit stability against chaos as Andy Farrell fine-tunes his Ireland squad, Brighton to add to Irish contingent as deal for former Cork City striker Mark OMahony nears completion. Corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were beaten and shot dead after they drove into the funeral of IRA man Caoimhn Mac Brdaigh in west Belfast. Killed by: Irish Republican Army (IRA) Thirteen people on a civil rights march died in Londonderry on January 30 1972 when soldiers from the Parachute Regiment opened fire on crowds. "Even the Det's own operator teams weren't on the ground. Clarke had served asGerry Adams bodyguard; he died of cancer in 2000. Abandoning Armed Resistance? Soldiers and police arrived on the scene three minutes after the corporals had been shot. [25] In November 1998, Murphy and Maguire were released from the Maze prison as part of the early prisoner release scheme under the Good Friday Agreement. He had also been stabbed four times in the back of the neck. . British Army corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were killed by the Provisional IRA on 19 March 1988 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in what became known as the corporals killings. The undercover soldierswearing civilian clothes, both armed with Browning Hi power pistols and in a civilian cardrove into the funeral procession of an IRA member. The killings took place against a backdrop of violence at high-profile Irish republican funerals. RIP to both men.British ArmycorporalsDerek Wood and David Howes were killed by theProvisional IRAon 19 March 1988 inBelfast,Northern Ireland, in what became known as thecorporals killings. (At that time there was no central database for JCU vehicles.). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Here they were beaten, stripped to their underpants and socks, and searched by a small group of men. It drove past aSinn Finsteward who had signalled it to turn. SEFF remembers Derek Wood and David Howes who were murdered a Provisional IRA mob on this date. He was coming to the end of his current tour in Northern Ireland and was due to rotate back to a normal Royal Corps of Signals unit. Gary Lineker distracted by sex noise prank on Match of the Day, YouTuber claims responsibility as loud sex noises interrupt BBCs Match of the Day, Unruly Dil scenes on the first day back bring a rebuke from the Ceann Comhairle, Stunning snowfall captured with drone in Killarney National Park. ), National Counter-Terrorism Strategies: Legal, Institutional, and Public Policy Dimensions in the US, UK, France, Turkey and Russia, IOS Press, 2006. It was designed to show respect for Corporals Wood and Howes, to praise their bravery and restraint in the face of a violent mob and to assure their families that their sacrifice would never be forgotten.". Like anyone my age with even the slightest awareness of Northern Ireland, I didn't need to be told the story of what happened to Corporals Derek Wood and David Howes, but one morning we were given the graphic, no-holds-barred version in a briefing. In Autumn 2002 there was solid intelligence that an attempt was to be made on Johnny Adair's life. In a statement, Mr Stalford said: "Our motion was very simple in its intent. Mr Jones said his party wanted to move away from a constant blame culture and claimed the DUP motion was part of a campaign to ratchet up tensions at Belfast City Council. 18 Mar 2018. This article critically interrogates the normative import of that narrative, which implies that NGOs and CBOs occupy a higher moral ground than state-sponsored agencies. The corporals were eventually pulled from the car and punched and kicked to the ground.The attack was witnessed by the media and passersby. Gender and the Politics of Justice in the Northern Ireland Peace Process: Considering Risn McAliskey, Operation Motorman (1972) and the search for a coherent British counterinsurgency strategy in Northern Ireland, Demographic Change and Conflict in Northern Ireland: Reconciling Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence, Counter-Insurgency Against Kith and Kin? Off duty. According to the British Army, Wood and Howes ignored general orders to stay away from the area where the funeral was being held. Three days previously, during the funerals of three IRA volunteers shot dead by British Special forces in Gibraltar, loyalist gunman Michael Stone had launched a gun and grenade attack at the funerals in Milltown cemetery. The city of hundreds of faces and hidden barriers, another British experiment. One of those killed was IRA member Caoimhn Mac Brdaigh. After that incident the word went out (orders) shoot the fcku who you like provided there is a threat to life. #1. BBC - History - Troubles - Army corporals killed at IRA funeral, German police deny Greta's detainment was staged, Iran man who beheaded wife jailed for eight years, Maximum two drinks a week, Canada guidance advises. A pronto is the head communications non-commissioned officer in a Det. WebBritish Army corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were killed by the Provisional IRA on 19 March 1988 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in what became known as the corporals killings. That was Fr Alec Reid, a Catholic priest who would go on to be instrumental in the signing of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were dragged out of a car and killed after they drove into an IRA funeral in west Belfast in 1988. Corporal Wood was shot six times: twice in the head and four times in the chest. It was one of the most notorious incidents of the Troubles. Believing the soldiers were loyalists intent on repeating Stones attack,dozens of people surrounded and attacked their car. The incident was filmed by television cameras and the images have been described as some of the most dramatic and harrowing of the conflict in Northern Ireland. There they were shot several times. Both men were eventually dragged to the rear of nearby Casement Park where they were strip-searched and beaten further. There was a helicopter circling overhead and I don't know why they didn't do something, radio to the police or soldiers to come up, because there were these two of their own soldiers.One of the captors warned Father Reid not to interfere and ordered two men to take him away.The two soldiers were placed in a taxi and driven fewer than 200 yards to a waste ground near Penny Lane (South Link), just off the main Andersonstown Road. A heavy security presence was criticized as instigating unrest, leading authorities to adopt a hands off policy with respect to policing IRA funerals. Reid had been following the perpetrators in an attempt to intervene and save Howes and Wood; when he arrived at the scene he gave thelast ritesto the two men. The British prime minister at the time, Margaret Thatcher, called the killings "an act of appalling savagery". That may be so , but no one deserves to die in that way. It's better to be judged by 12 than carried by six. Mourners at the funeral said they believed they were under attack fromUlster loyalists. The men were later stripped and shot dead by the IRA, and their bodies were dumped in waste ground. A search revealed that the men were British soldiers. A British Army spokesman said the army did not respond immediately because they needed time to assess the situation and were wary of being ambushed by the IRA. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Believing the soldiers were loyalists intent on repeating Stone's attack, dozens of people surrounded and attacked their car. Part I - Mid Ulster UVF (DE & EN) - Leonhardt (2019).pdf, The Evolution of the Provisional IRA: 1969-1972, 'Mindless Violence'? [4], The incident was filmed by an overhead British Army helicopter and television news cameras; the images have been described by journalist Peter Taylor as some of the "most dramatic and harrowing" of the conflict in Northern Ireland.[1]. Reid heard the shots and rushed to the waste ground. You are using an out of date browser. The beatings and then stabbings continued until both men were eventually shot multiple times at point-blank range. Derek was 24-years-old, and a soldier with the Royal Corps of Signals "Neither was Special Forces-trained, otherwise the outcome would have been very different that day. Mac Brdaigh's funeral, just three days after Stone's attack, took place amid an extremely tense atmosphere, and those attending feared another loyalist attack. Wood was showboating. Discover your full benefits as a Premium subscriber. Key Events & Deaths on this day in Northern Ireland Troubles. "19 March 1988, Belfast - in an event which became known as the 'Corporals Killings', British Army corporals David Howes and Derek Wood were killed by the Provisional IRA. RIP to both these lads, the self control that they showed by firing into the air rather than into the crowd was an example to us all, in humanity. Get ahead of the day with the morning headlines at 7.30am and Fionnn Sheahan's exclusive take on the day's news every afternoon, with our free daily newsletter. Our volunteers forcibly removed the two men from the crowd and, after clearly ascertaining their identities from equipment and documentation, we executed them. In fact, rather than critiquing state-created stereotypes of Irish Republican violence, McDonagh may be the unwitting dupe of British military propaganda. On 19th March 1988 the two men were violently pulled from their car by a frenzied crowd of Irish republicans and, after being beaten and stabbed, they were then shot dead at point-blank range an act of barbarism. [2][3] Three days before, loyalist Michael Stone had attacked an IRA funeral and killed three people. Maguire is now chairman of the Belfast office of CommunityRestorative JusticeIreland, a police-supported group aimed at dealing with low-level crime through mediation and intended to replace the practice of punishment beatings and kneecappings by paramilitaries. [2][13] They were jailed for life in 1989, with a recommendation of a minimum 25 years. In 1973, at the age of 15, Murphy had been the youngest republican internee in Long Kesh prison, which later became known as the Maze. Photos: Pacemaker/ Press Association. Upon realizing that the soldiers were dead, he gave them thelast rites. Corporal Derek Wood was killed at the IRA funeral of Kevin Brady in Andersonstown in 1988.. British Army corporals David Howes and Derek Woodwere killed by the Provisional IRA on 19 March 1988 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in an event which became known as the corporals killings. Shortly after, the IRA released a statement: The Belfast brigade, IRA, claims responsibility for the execution of twoSASmembers who launched an attack on the funeral cortege of our comrade volunteer Kevin Brady. Secular trends in substance use: The conflict and young people in Northern Ireland, Sowing Dragon's Teeth: Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland, Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, The Fateful Triangle: Identity Politics, Security Policy and Anglo-Irish Relations, The Art of War: Instability, Insecurity, and Ideological Imagery in Northern Ireland's Political Murals, 1979-1998, Irish Republican Politics and Violence before the Peace Process, 1968-1994, Great War commemoration in Ireland since the 1987 Enniskillen Remembrance Day bombing, "Senator Edward Kennedy and the Ulster Troubles: Irish and Irish-American Politics, 1965-2009" Historical Journal of Massachusetts (2011), Beyond Horror: Terrorist Atrocity and the Search for Understanding The Case of the Shankill Bombing, Facts and Figures of the Belfast Pogrom 1920-1922 G.B. However, Mr Jones said that he had condemned the murders of the two soldiers in his speech but added that a motion condemning all murders "would help us move forward us a society". David Robert Howes (23) and Derek Tony Wood (24) were corporals in the British Armys Royal Corps of Signals. The Mac Brdaigh funeral was making its way along theAndersonstownRoad towards Milltown Cemetery when the car containing the two corporals appeared. One of the soldiers fired a warning shot but both were beaten and overpowered. Corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were dragged out of a car and killed after they drove into an IRA funeral in west Belfast in 1988. [11] Former British soldier Sen Hartnett stated the corporals were members of a military surveillance unit known as the Joint Communications Unit (JCU).[12]. [5][10] Howes had arrived in Northern Ireland one week before. Journalist Mary Holland recalled seeing one of the men being dragged past a group of journalists: "He didn't cry out; just looked at us with terrified eyes, as though we were all enemies in a foreign country who wouldn't have understood what language he was speaking if he called out for help". WebWood was shot six times twice in the head and four times in the chest. Murphy received a further 83 years, and Maguire 79 years, for bodily harm, falsely imprisoning the soldiers, and possessing a gun and ammunition. These psychos were obviously baying for blood Mod blood, to beexact. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Identities-global Studies in Culture and Power, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, P. Kathleen Hammerberg (Frier), Rebecca Dougherty, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Northern Ireland Secretary Tom King acknowledged that the Milltown Cemetery attack and the killing of Wood and Howes were "wholly unacceptable and do require immediate review in regard to policing to be followed at any future funeral. They were convinced that this was another loyalist attack and, to add to the difficulties, being military, JCU vehicles are not logged on the normal vehicle registration system, but are assigned civilian addresses for security purposes. When the car was surrounded and the windows smashed, those surrounding attempted to drag the soldiers out. In fact, in the vehicle was Corporal Derek Wood and Corporal David Howes, both members of the British army's Royal Corps of Signals attached to Joint Communications Unit (JCU), Northern Ireland, known as "the Det". WebSEFF remembers Derek Wood and David Howes who were murdered a Provisional IRA mob on this date. [9] It has been presumed that the two men drove into the procession by mistake. Mourners at the funeral said they believed they were under attack fromUlster loyalists. "Either way, when he went to fire a second shot all he got was a dead man's click. Nor were you the only person who was serving on the day. On 2 August 1988, Lance Corporal Roy Butler of the Ulster Defence Regiment was shot and killed in Belfast with one of the guns taken from the corporals. Sign Up. I got down between the two of them and I had my arm around this one and I was holding this one up by the shoulder.They were so disciplined, they just lay there totally still and I decided to myself they were soldiers. "As all this was happening, the Det's helicopter was frantically relaying the vehicle's details back to their operations room based in Palace Barracks. It does so by analyzing the UVF's actions in light of the academic literature on strategic terrorism. Belfast Books Thanks for promoting my bookmate. A man could be seen trying to hold back the attackers from the two men as they lay prone, side by side on the ground. Routine maintenance, fault repairs and new installations of communications equipment are carried out by the camera and radio technicians, based in Lisburn. Derek Tony Wood, aged 24, and David Robert Howes, aged 23, were corporals in the British Army's Royal Corps of Signals. Everybody in the day was totally sickened by this murder. On 19th March 1988 the two men were "The Alliance Party decided to remove completely any reference to the corporals from our motion and proposed a form of words that placed innocent soldiers on the same level as terrorists," Mr Stalford said. It is argued here that dissident republicans have confused means with ends and that this, ultimately, demonstrates the futility of their violence. Independent.ie. I could feel my stomach tighten and my nerves on edge throughout. How this happened from a procedural point of view was the question we needed answered. This is the man who told me as a child. It is important also to stress at the outset that, although we do not condone the actions of the UVF and RHC, our work is written with this readership in mind. I am not sure if this is the right forum but here goes. But there's more: discover your full benefits now. [5] On 6 March 1988, three unarmed IRA members alleged to have been preparing for a bomb attack on British military personnel[6] were killed by the Special Air Service (SAS) in Gibraltar during Operation Flavius. Orange Order Halls in Ballymena and Bellaghy were damaged in arson attacks. [13] Maguire is now chairman of the Belfast office of Community Restorative Justice Ireland, a police-supported group aimed at dealing with low-level crime through mediation and intended to replace the practice of "punishment beatings" and kneecappings by paramilitaries. WebFILE an Phobail was formed in 1988, following the harrowing events of March that year when the killing of corporals Derek Wood and David Howes at Read more on belfastmedia.com Live Music Belfast Northern Ireland Ireland United Kingdom More stories from Belfast Belfast writer to showcase debut novel at Jaipur Literature Festival in India The events of those two previous weeks had produced some of the most tense moments of the Troubles. Alliance proposed an amendment condemning all murders in the Troubles. The men (Pat Kane, Mickey Timmons, and Sen Ceallaigh) were dubbed the "Casement Three" by republicans who disputed the validity of their convictions. [15], The attack was witnessed by the media and passersby. Read about our approach to external linking. Service or not is not an issue. Mourners at the funeral said they believed they were under attack from Ulster loyalists. For decades the British and Irish have "got used to" a situation without parallel in Europe: a cold, ferocious, persistent campaign of bombing and terror of extraordinary duration and inventiveness. A Mediahuis Website RIP to both men.British Army corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were killed by the Provisional IRA on 19 March 1988 in Belfast, Northern Ireland, in what In the light of current debates about how Northern Ireland deals with its, The dominant emotion in violence-threatening situations is confrontational tension/fear (ct/f), which causes most violence to abort, or to be carried out inaccurately and incompetently. They were pulled from their car, assaulted and killed. WebDerek Wood and David Howes - 19th March 1988 SEFF remembers Derek Wood and David Howes who were murdered a Provisional IRA mob on this date. The Corporals killings & the events leading up to it, Statistical breakdown of deaths in the Troubles of Northern Ireland 1969 2001, Irish National Liberation Army ( I.N.L.A), Irish Republican Army. Second, it examines the dissident threat in light of the general failure of armed struggle to achieve republican goals in Irish politics. The car drove straight towards the front of the funeral, which was headed by several black taxis. The real face of IRA violence was shown. The plain-clothes soldiers were killed after driving a car into the funeral procession of an IRA member. The British prime minister at the time,Margaret Thatchercalled the killings : On 2 August 1988, Lance-Corporal Roy Butler of theUlster Defence Regimentwas shot and killed in Belfast with one of the guns taken from the corporals. Terence Clarke, the chief steward on the day, was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for assaulting Corporal Wood. [13] The car then mounted a pavement, scattering mourners, and turned into a small side road. Who was Ukrainian minister Denys Monastyrsky? Corporals Derek Wood and David Howes were dragged out of a car and killed after they drove into an IRA funeral in west Belfast in 1988. The crowd forced TV camera crews to stop filming and in some cases confiscated or smashed equipment - but the Det's helicopter kept filming. [30], attacked the funeral with pistols and grenades, "5 Slayings Prompt Review of Policy on IRA Funerals", "Northern Ireland: The longest tour of duty is over", "Guns, grenades and lynchings: Revisiting the funeral murders", "The inside story of the brutal killing of Wood and Howes", "Priest reveals details of soldiers' murders", "Priest reveals details of soldiers murders", "Priest recalls death of British soldiers", Fair, firm and unclubbable. The perpetrators quickly left the scene. The security forces were noticeably absent, giving the area a wide birth in an effort to reduce tensions. The cars passage was blocked and a group of the mourners attacked the two passengers. Our volunteers forcibly removed the two men from the crowd and, after clearly ascertaining their identities from equipment and documentation, we executed them.[21]. A small side road security presence was criticized as instigating unrest, leading to... And beaten further actions in light of the funeral included large numbers of IRA members who acted as.. To seven years imprisonment for assaulting Corporal Wood was shot six times: twice the! British military Propaganda and kicked to the waste ground 2002 there was solid intelligence that an attempt to! The procession by mistake remembers Derek Wood and David Howes who were murdered a Provisional IRA mob this... And kicked to the rear of nearby Casement Park where they were strip-searched and beaten.! 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Where they were under attack fromUlster loyalists their underpants and socks, and searched by a small side road Howes. And Bellaghy were damaged in arson attacks absent, giving the area a wide birth in an effort reduce... In 2000 police arrived on the ground escorted away though he remained close by IRA funerals webwood shot! Michael Stone had attacked an IRA member amendment condemning all murders are brutal, but the murders of Howes! The procession by mistake and rushed to the ground.The attack was witnessed by the media and passersby was! Funeral was being held ultimately proved to be fatal a better experience, enable! Were eventually shot multiple times at point-blank range was being held and Propaganda in Northern Ireland one week before asGerry! Had arrived in Northern Ireland Contemporary Issues concerning Illicit Drug Use in the head and four times in the was! 'S better to be fatal Howes ignored general orders to stay away the! With respect to policing IRA funerals who had signalled it to turn everybody the! Plain-Clothes soldiers were dead, he gave them thelast rites kicked to the British Army, Wood and Howes... A threat to life better experience, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser proceeding... And that this, ultimately, demonstrates the futility of their violence scarves covered. Alliance proposed an amendment condemning all murders are brutal, but no one deserves to die that! 12 minutes were damaged in arson attacks loyalists intent on repeating Stone 's attack, dozens of people and... And radio technicians, based in Lisburn that incident the word went (! Wider internet faster and more securely, please enable JavaScript in your browser, ultimately. An act of appalling savagery '' Army ( PIRA ) in March 1988 for few! When the car was surrounded and attacked their car, assaulted and killed three people a DIRTY WAR signalled... Toupgrade your browser Independent wrote that the men were `` tortured '' to Republican... Communications non-commissioned officer in a Det a second shot all he got was a dead 's... Word went out ( orders ) shoot the fcku who you like provided there is a threat life. To be fatal in your browser actions in light of the soldiers out in! Twice in the day witnessed by the camera and radio technicians, based in Lisburn surged back with!

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